nlee at uoguelph.ca
08-13-1996, 01:25 PM
There was a recent request for Evaluation-related studies in
Microenterprise Development. I thought that I would send this report on
to the list-serve for anyone who is interested in these topics. There is
also an attached bibliography organized by the following topics:
(Bolivia/Context; Community Development; Economic Anthropology; Gender
Issues; Impact/Evaluation; MicroEnterprise Development; Methodology).
This is a revised version of the report that I have given CIDA
(Canadian International Development Agency) my funding body. However, I am
still in the process of writing the thesis so I would appreciate any
feedback or information about related studies or programs. Thank You, Nanci
_______________
"Scratching Where it Itches?: What Bolivian Microlending Programs
can Learn about Rural Household Strategies from Participants"
Project Year: 1995/96 Country: Bolivia Sector: Rural Finance MSc
Thesis. University School of Rural Planning and Development.
University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Many private development organizations involved with microlending are
concerned with the impact of their programming on the "quality of life"
of their participants. However, most programs use the "microenterprise"
as their main unit of analysis using largely financial indicators. This
focus does not provide insight intorelated household information regarding
household livelihood strategies, gender roles and the changing and
heterogenous nature of rural cash flows tied to these decisions. This
study uses Bolivian case©studies to show that this information is even more
important in rural where activities and decisions are more integrated and
interrelated than in urban areas. Two microlending programs, women's
village banking technology and solidarity group lending, are examined with
participants. The paper develops the view that part of the challenge
posed to microlending organizations is an epistemological one. Economic
rationality can often supersede attention to context. A monitoring system
based on "participatory" livelihood analyses is explored and presented as a
responsive and time/cost©efficient alternative to economically focused
"snapshot" impact studies.
GOALS
1. To understand and identify a variety of household livelihood
strategies and the differing role of microcredit within these strategies
2. To understand how participants use different programs to meet their
household livelihood needs
3. To understand to what extent different programs (village banking and
solidarity group lending) are and can be designed to meet the livelihood
needs of participants
4. To develop a conceptual framework and explore methodological tools
for household livelihood analysis
CONCEPTUAL METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual methodological framework is shaped by Peter Checkland's
Soft©Systems Methodology and Jurgen Habermas' concept of Democratic
Communication. It draws from disciplinary roots in economic anthropology,
gender and development literature, participatory development, rural
finance theory and microfinance literature.
OPERATIONAL METHODOLOGY
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used across a six month
period. Following participant observation, direct observation,
key©informant interviewing and participant file review, 40 participants
in three communities in the Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia were selected for
in©depth interviews. Adapted participatory rapid appraisal techniques
were used as the primary tool in the interviews in order to examine, with
participants, a wide variety of household livelihood strategies based on
several characteristics. These characteristics included livelihood
activities, socioeconomic status, level of diversification, nature of
credit programming, location/rurality, household goals, age and gender.
Next, representative samples of participant informationand loan data was
examined to verify the trends identified in the household interviews. Two
microlending organizations were involved: PRODEM (Solidarity Group
Lending) and CRECER (Village Banking). Decision©tree modelling was used
to show why participants chose one program over another. Finally, a
reflective journal documenting the process throughout the study was also
incorporated into the final reports
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
1. Many organizations do not believe that it is important to understand
why and how their credit is used by participants because they have
confidence in their participants' abilities. However, knowledge of the
relative role of credit within livelihoods is important for determining
effective an appropriate lending methodology and credit product.
Depending on why participants are using the credit, the credit program
may or may not be lending in a way that allows them to take advantage of
their programming.
2. The role of credit varies with many factors, includingtime/season, the
composition of activities, their long©termhousehold goals and the lending
methodology that they are using. Some roles of credit included a) to reduce
risk or restock after emergencies; b) to even out lumpy income flows for
householdpurchases; c) to diversify activities; d) to store wealth; e) to
invest in capital; f) to add©value to a product by producing it at a
different time. Credit use is fungible, and generally moves freely within
the household according to needs.
3. Different lending methodologies benefit particular livelihood systems
over others. For example, producers of corn beer andagriculture tend to be
able to better take advantage of the solidarity group lending methodology
than village banking technology. Preferences for one microlending program
over another tend to have more to do with the flexibility of repayment
schedule,social considerations and location, than with interest rates.
4. Participants find interesting ways to take advantage of programs in
accordance with their needs, especially when more than one program is
available. However, microlending programs often underestimate
participants' ability to alter their livelihood strategies to fulfill program
requirements. For example, one of the assumptions behind village banking
is that its weekly payment requirements encourage households to
diversify. Often this is not feasible or desirable.
5. Several conditions needed to be present for a community or household
to be able to fully take advantage of both solidarity group lending and village
banking in their present form. In rural communities, where activities
were largely agricultural, without potable water/irrigation, reasonable
access to the local market, and market potential for some
diversification, existing lending methodologies are not flexible enough to
allow this population access.
6. However, both PRODEM and CRECER are experimenting with adaptations to
their rural lending methodologies, with successful results. PRODEM, for
example, is using what is called "differential quotas," which simply means
that each solidarity group can tailor their repayment schedule appropriate to
their cash flows. They can choose weekly, bimonthly or monthly payments. As
well they can decide which payments will be interest alone and which will be
interest combined with capital. I have seen, in particularly agricultural
areas, a 12 month loan term, paying interest each month for 11 months and the
outstanding capital and interest in the 12 month with the harvest. What is
interesting, however, is that most choose to may early payments to lower their
(real) interest rate which is a 4% of the outstanding balance.
7. While credit use is fungible, control of resources and purchasing
decisions are often less flexible. In rural areas, even where the women
are accessing the loans, managing the money, and purchasing, if a male
spouse is present he will still make the decisions around agricultural
purchases. Particularly in this region, women already handle the money
in the household. Exposure to women's banking circles appears to have a
limited effect on intra©household bargaining power.
8. The role and use of credit often had less to do with gender,than it
did with a microentrepreneur's activities. It is often assumed that
women are largely in commercial or service activities. While this is certainly
true, there was also a large number of producer in the Cochabamba Valley,
particularly in wholesale chicha production. In this case, a female
chicha producer has more in common, in terms of credit needs, with a
farmer than a streetvendor. Programming based on the assumption that women
can pay weekly because they are in commercial activities, disadvantage this
large population of women.
9. Non©financial decisions and activities affect financial management.
While participants are told explicitly that loans arefor "productive"
uses, they still use loans according to theirimmediate needs. In
Bolivia, various times of year, there is a great deal of spending on
traditional/religious events. To denythat these expenditures occur is
ridiculous and culturally insensitive. What is more important is to
understand periods of financial stress and be able to design flexible
schedule payments which account for them.
10. Many of the previous findings are not new. However, programs
continue to design methodologies without considering these points. Many
organizations are aware that this type of participant information is
important, but lack the time and resources to develop methodologies for
tracking. Existing impactand diagnostic methods often leave out information
on households, particularly qualitative data regarding decision©making over
time. The dynamism and fungibility of credit use is not captured. This
study suggests but they also allow participants to be moreactively
engaged in the microlending programming.
11. Finally, effective participation, empowerment, poverty alleviation
and impact depend on the context and the participant'sunderstanding of these
concepts. For example, targeting women can,in various circumstances, be
disempowering because it limits the household's ability to mobilize
resources in accordance with theirneeds. However, that is not to argue either
that gender targeting is ineffective or unnecessary. In certain areas,
due to the intrahousehold gender dynamics, microcredit left untargeted is
used for agricultural activities where most of the decision©makingcontrol
is left to the men. The context should define the adaptations necessary
in the lending methodologies.
CONCLUSION
The importance of livelihood analysis is shown through the practice and
presentation of livelihood analysis in rural Cochabamba, Bolivia. It is
argued that for effective program design and impact monitoring,
microlending programs require an understanding
of how households operate as systems in order to determine how credit and
credit©related decisions play a role within that system. This requires
continual examination of how participants use and take advantage of
differing credit programs to meet household livelihood needs. It is
suggested that a soft©systems livelihood approach to information systems
is one method which monitors while allowing participants to share in the
analysis and examination of their strategies and options. Microlending
organizations often keep limited information on household livelihoods
under the assumption that participants know best how to use their
microloans. However, more qualitative, context©flexible methodological
approaches to information on households is necessary be
fore programming can be responsive to the resourceful strategies of
participants.
CONTENT OF THE REPORT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
3.0 THE SEARCH FOR A RURAL MICROLENDING METHODOLOGY IN BOLIVIA
4.0 METHODOLOGY
Post©Modern Planning: An Oxymoron?
5.0 COMMUNITIES IN TRANSITION AND HOW HOUSEHOLDS ADAPT
6.0 THE NATURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM OF STRATEGIES
7.0 THE CHANGING ROLE OF MICROCREDIT WITHIN VARIOUS LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
8.0 WHY PARTICIPANTS CHOOSE ONE PROGRAM OVER ANOTHER
9.0 MICROLENDING ORGANIZATION'S RESPONSES TO LIVELIHOOD NEEDS
10.0 MICROLENDING ORGANIZATIONS MEETING DIFFERENT NEEDS?
11.0 KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
12.0 SOFT©SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING MICROLENDING NEEDS OF HOUSEHOLDS ANDCOMMUNITIES (HANDBOOK)
13.0 SPECIFIC IMPLICATIONS FOR PROGRAMMING AND POLICY©MAKING
14.0 ON PRAXIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACADEME, PRA/RRA PRACTITIONERS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTPLANNERS
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LIST OF CONTACT ORGANIZATIONS
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METHODOLOGY
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Morgan, Gareth. 1982. "Cybernetics and Organization Theory: Epistemology or Technique" inHuman Relations. 35(7): pp, 521©537. Plenum Press. New York City. Ã ÃÄ ÄÃ ÃÄ Ä
Moris, Jon and James Copestake. 1993. Qualitative Inquiry for Rural Development. IntermediateTechnology Publications/Overseas Development Institute. London, England.
Moser, Caroline and Levy, Caren. 1989. A Theory and Methodology of Gender Planning: MeetingWomen's Practical and Strategic Needs. Gender and Planning Working Paper No. 11. DevelopmentPlanning Unit. University College, London.
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Roling, Niels, G. 1994. "Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems in Extension Handbook: Processes and Practices. D.J. Blackburn Ed. Thompson Educational Publishing. Toronto,Ontario. Ã ÃÄ Ä
Taylor, Paul V. 1993. The Texts of Paulo Freire. Open University Press. Buckingham, England.
Theis, Joachim and Heather M. Gady. 1991. Participatory Rapid Appraisal for CommunityDevelopment: A Training Manual Based on Experiences in the Middle East and North Africa. International Institute for Environment and Development. Save the Children
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VITA (Volunteers in Technical Assistance) from Arlington, Virginia specializes in informationdissemination and communications technology. It offers services related to sustainableagriculture, food processing, renewable energy applications, water sanita
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Bolivian Organizations
PRODEM [Promocion de Los Microempresas], Calle Almirante Grau, 65 Casilla, La Paz, 13963,Bolivia. Phone: 2366950/2392957
CRECER, [Credito y Educacion Rural], Casilla #69, Parque Demetrio Caneles, #1415, EsquinaCalanche, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: 42©41528
CORDECO, Director Fortalicimiento Municipal, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: 4258080
CEPROCA, Capinota, Bolivia
CEDEAGRO, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: 4259547
Catholic Relief Services, Hacinte Vena Vente 2190, La Paz, Bolivia, Phone: 2323335
Fernando Dick, Universidad Nur, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Superintendencia de los Bancos, La Paz, Bolivia. Phone: 3363939
BANCOSOL, La Paz, Bolivia
USAID Microfinance Library, Calle 9 Obajes, Piso 2, La Paz. Phone: 786©544
FAO, Av. 20 de Oct. 2659, La Paz, Bolivia. Phone 237442
Internationally©Focused Organizationsà ÃÄ Ä
CIDA, Ottawa, Canada
Calmeadow Foundation, Toronto, Canada
Accion International, Cambridge, Massachusetts
USAID©Microenterprise Development, Washington, DC
à ÃÄ Äà ÃÄ ÄFreedom from Hunger, Davis, California
International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario
FAO/Marketing and Credit Services Department, Rome
The Small Enterprise Education and Promotion Network, New York
Gemini, Bethesda, MD
InterAction, Washington, CC
TechnoServe, Norwalk, CT
Private Agencies Collaborating Together
Intermediate Technology Publications, U.K.
Women's World Banking, New York
Institute for Development Training, Chapel Hill, NC
Pact Publications, United Nations Plaza, New York
Inter©American Development Bank, Washington, D.C.
World Bank, Washington, D.C.
International Programs
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
Aga Khan Rural Support Programme
Local Programs
Calmeadow Foundation, Toronto, Ontario
Community Opportunity Development Association, 35 Dickson, Cambridge, Ontario. Phone: 519ª623©9380
Women in Rural Economic Development, Kitchener/Waterloo, Ontario
Ô
University of Guelph, Departments of Rural Planning and Development, Rural Extension Studies,Ô
Ô
ECOGEN Program, Clark University, Worchester, Massachusetts
Ô
Ô
Nanci Lee
International Rural Development Planning
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
nlee@uoguelph.ca
(519) 836-1408
"There is no one truth; only ways of seeing"-- Flaubert
This post transferred from the cdb-l mailing list
Microenterprise Development. I thought that I would send this report on
to the list-serve for anyone who is interested in these topics. There is
also an attached bibliography organized by the following topics:
(Bolivia/Context; Community Development; Economic Anthropology; Gender
Issues; Impact/Evaluation; MicroEnterprise Development; Methodology).
This is a revised version of the report that I have given CIDA
(Canadian International Development Agency) my funding body. However, I am
still in the process of writing the thesis so I would appreciate any
feedback or information about related studies or programs. Thank You, Nanci
_______________
"Scratching Where it Itches?: What Bolivian Microlending Programs
can Learn about Rural Household Strategies from Participants"
Project Year: 1995/96 Country: Bolivia Sector: Rural Finance MSc
Thesis. University School of Rural Planning and Development.
University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Many private development organizations involved with microlending are
concerned with the impact of their programming on the "quality of life"
of their participants. However, most programs use the "microenterprise"
as their main unit of analysis using largely financial indicators. This
focus does not provide insight intorelated household information regarding
household livelihood strategies, gender roles and the changing and
heterogenous nature of rural cash flows tied to these decisions. This
study uses Bolivian case©studies to show that this information is even more
important in rural where activities and decisions are more integrated and
interrelated than in urban areas. Two microlending programs, women's
village banking technology and solidarity group lending, are examined with
participants. The paper develops the view that part of the challenge
posed to microlending organizations is an epistemological one. Economic
rationality can often supersede attention to context. A monitoring system
based on "participatory" livelihood analyses is explored and presented as a
responsive and time/cost©efficient alternative to economically focused
"snapshot" impact studies.
GOALS
1. To understand and identify a variety of household livelihood
strategies and the differing role of microcredit within these strategies
2. To understand how participants use different programs to meet their
household livelihood needs
3. To understand to what extent different programs (village banking and
solidarity group lending) are and can be designed to meet the livelihood
needs of participants
4. To develop a conceptual framework and explore methodological tools
for household livelihood analysis
CONCEPTUAL METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual methodological framework is shaped by Peter Checkland's
Soft©Systems Methodology and Jurgen Habermas' concept of Democratic
Communication. It draws from disciplinary roots in economic anthropology,
gender and development literature, participatory development, rural
finance theory and microfinance literature.
OPERATIONAL METHODOLOGY
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used across a six month
period. Following participant observation, direct observation,
key©informant interviewing and participant file review, 40 participants
in three communities in the Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia were selected for
in©depth interviews. Adapted participatory rapid appraisal techniques
were used as the primary tool in the interviews in order to examine, with
participants, a wide variety of household livelihood strategies based on
several characteristics. These characteristics included livelihood
activities, socioeconomic status, level of diversification, nature of
credit programming, location/rurality, household goals, age and gender.
Next, representative samples of participant informationand loan data was
examined to verify the trends identified in the household interviews. Two
microlending organizations were involved: PRODEM (Solidarity Group
Lending) and CRECER (Village Banking). Decision©tree modelling was used
to show why participants chose one program over another. Finally, a
reflective journal documenting the process throughout the study was also
incorporated into the final reports
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
1. Many organizations do not believe that it is important to understand
why and how their credit is used by participants because they have
confidence in their participants' abilities. However, knowledge of the
relative role of credit within livelihoods is important for determining
effective an appropriate lending methodology and credit product.
Depending on why participants are using the credit, the credit program
may or may not be lending in a way that allows them to take advantage of
their programming.
2. The role of credit varies with many factors, includingtime/season, the
composition of activities, their long©termhousehold goals and the lending
methodology that they are using. Some roles of credit included a) to reduce
risk or restock after emergencies; b) to even out lumpy income flows for
householdpurchases; c) to diversify activities; d) to store wealth; e) to
invest in capital; f) to add©value to a product by producing it at a
different time. Credit use is fungible, and generally moves freely within
the household according to needs.
3. Different lending methodologies benefit particular livelihood systems
over others. For example, producers of corn beer andagriculture tend to be
able to better take advantage of the solidarity group lending methodology
than village banking technology. Preferences for one microlending program
over another tend to have more to do with the flexibility of repayment
schedule,social considerations and location, than with interest rates.
4. Participants find interesting ways to take advantage of programs in
accordance with their needs, especially when more than one program is
available. However, microlending programs often underestimate
participants' ability to alter their livelihood strategies to fulfill program
requirements. For example, one of the assumptions behind village banking
is that its weekly payment requirements encourage households to
diversify. Often this is not feasible or desirable.
5. Several conditions needed to be present for a community or household
to be able to fully take advantage of both solidarity group lending and village
banking in their present form. In rural communities, where activities
were largely agricultural, without potable water/irrigation, reasonable
access to the local market, and market potential for some
diversification, existing lending methodologies are not flexible enough to
allow this population access.
6. However, both PRODEM and CRECER are experimenting with adaptations to
their rural lending methodologies, with successful results. PRODEM, for
example, is using what is called "differential quotas," which simply means
that each solidarity group can tailor their repayment schedule appropriate to
their cash flows. They can choose weekly, bimonthly or monthly payments. As
well they can decide which payments will be interest alone and which will be
interest combined with capital. I have seen, in particularly agricultural
areas, a 12 month loan term, paying interest each month for 11 months and the
outstanding capital and interest in the 12 month with the harvest. What is
interesting, however, is that most choose to may early payments to lower their
(real) interest rate which is a 4% of the outstanding balance.
7. While credit use is fungible, control of resources and purchasing
decisions are often less flexible. In rural areas, even where the women
are accessing the loans, managing the money, and purchasing, if a male
spouse is present he will still make the decisions around agricultural
purchases. Particularly in this region, women already handle the money
in the household. Exposure to women's banking circles appears to have a
limited effect on intra©household bargaining power.
8. The role and use of credit often had less to do with gender,than it
did with a microentrepreneur's activities. It is often assumed that
women are largely in commercial or service activities. While this is certainly
true, there was also a large number of producer in the Cochabamba Valley,
particularly in wholesale chicha production. In this case, a female
chicha producer has more in common, in terms of credit needs, with a
farmer than a streetvendor. Programming based on the assumption that women
can pay weekly because they are in commercial activities, disadvantage this
large population of women.
9. Non©financial decisions and activities affect financial management.
While participants are told explicitly that loans arefor "productive"
uses, they still use loans according to theirimmediate needs. In
Bolivia, various times of year, there is a great deal of spending on
traditional/religious events. To denythat these expenditures occur is
ridiculous and culturally insensitive. What is more important is to
understand periods of financial stress and be able to design flexible
schedule payments which account for them.
10. Many of the previous findings are not new. However, programs
continue to design methodologies without considering these points. Many
organizations are aware that this type of participant information is
important, but lack the time and resources to develop methodologies for
tracking. Existing impactand diagnostic methods often leave out information
on households, particularly qualitative data regarding decision©making over
time. The dynamism and fungibility of credit use is not captured. This
study suggests but they also allow participants to be moreactively
engaged in the microlending programming.
11. Finally, effective participation, empowerment, poverty alleviation
and impact depend on the context and the participant'sunderstanding of these
concepts. For example, targeting women can,in various circumstances, be
disempowering because it limits the household's ability to mobilize
resources in accordance with theirneeds. However, that is not to argue either
that gender targeting is ineffective or unnecessary. In certain areas,
due to the intrahousehold gender dynamics, microcredit left untargeted is
used for agricultural activities where most of the decision©makingcontrol
is left to the men. The context should define the adaptations necessary
in the lending methodologies.
CONCLUSION
The importance of livelihood analysis is shown through the practice and
presentation of livelihood analysis in rural Cochabamba, Bolivia. It is
argued that for effective program design and impact monitoring,
microlending programs require an understanding
of how households operate as systems in order to determine how credit and
credit©related decisions play a role within that system. This requires
continual examination of how participants use and take advantage of
differing credit programs to meet household livelihood needs. It is
suggested that a soft©systems livelihood approach to information systems
is one method which monitors while allowing participants to share in the
analysis and examination of their strategies and options. Microlending
organizations often keep limited information on household livelihoods
under the assumption that participants know best how to use their
microloans. However, more qualitative, context©flexible methodological
approaches to information on households is necessary be
fore programming can be responsive to the resourceful strategies of
participants.
CONTENT OF THE REPORT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
3.0 THE SEARCH FOR A RURAL MICROLENDING METHODOLOGY IN BOLIVIA
4.0 METHODOLOGY
Post©Modern Planning: An Oxymoron?
5.0 COMMUNITIES IN TRANSITION AND HOW HOUSEHOLDS ADAPT
6.0 THE NATURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD SYSTEM OF STRATEGIES
7.0 THE CHANGING ROLE OF MICROCREDIT WITHIN VARIOUS LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
8.0 WHY PARTICIPANTS CHOOSE ONE PROGRAM OVER ANOTHER
9.0 MICROLENDING ORGANIZATION'S RESPONSES TO LIVELIHOOD NEEDS
10.0 MICROLENDING ORGANIZATIONS MEETING DIFFERENT NEEDS?
11.0 KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
12.0 SOFT©SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING MICROLENDING NEEDS OF HOUSEHOLDS ANDCOMMUNITIES (HANDBOOK)
13.0 SPECIFIC IMPLICATIONS FOR PROGRAMMING AND POLICY©MAKING
14.0 ON PRAXIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACADEME, PRA/RRA PRACTITIONERS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENTPLANNERS
BIBLIOGRAPHY (ORGANIZED THEMATICALLY IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
BIBLIOGRAPHY: ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
LIST OF CONTACT ORGANIZATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOLIVIA/CONTEXT
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Marshall, Kathy. December, 1993. Proposed Framework for Impact Evaluation of Micro©CreditFunds: Calmeadow Foundation. Internal Discussion Paper. University of Guelph. Guelph,Ontario.
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Agarwal, Anil and Sunita Narain. 1994. "Toward Green Villages" in Wolfgang Sachs (ed.) GlobalEcology. Zed Books. London, England.
Ô
Asamba, Isabelle and Barbara P. Thomas©Slayter. 1991. From Cattle to Coffee: Transformationin Rural Machakos. Ecogen Case Study Series, Clark University. Worcester, Massachusetts.
Hoff, Karla, Avishay Braverman, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 1993. The Economics of RuralOrganization Theory, Practice and Policy. Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C., U.S.
Korten David. 1987. "Third Generation NGO Strategies: A Key to People©Centred Development"in World Development (15): pp. 145©159. Pergamon Journals Ltd., Great Britain.
Li, Tania Murray. Gender Issues in Community©Based Resource Management: Theories,Applications and Philippine Case Studies. Environment and Resource Management Project. College, Laguna, Philippines. Halifax, Nova Scotia.
McEwen, William J. 1975. Changing Rural Societies: A study of Communities in Bolivia. OxfordUniversity Press. New York, New York.
Melville, J.P. 1994. Community Economic Development: An Economic, Organization and CulturalBehaviour Conundrum. University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario.
Nozick, Marcia. 1992. No Place Like Home: Building Sustainable Communities. Canadian Councilon Social Development. Ottawa, Ontario.
Tykklainen, Markku and Cecily Neil. 1995. "Socio©Economic Restructuring in ResourceCommunities: Evolving a Comparative Approach" in Community Development Journal. 30(1)ÃÃÄÄ, pp.31©47.
Urban, Ann©Marie and Mary Hill Rojas. 1994. Shifting Boundaries: Gender, Migration andCommunity Resources in the Foothills of Choluteca, Honduras. Clark University Ecogen Series. Worcester, Massachusetts.
ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Folbre, Nancy. 1986. "Cleaning House: New Perspectives on Households and EconomicDevelopment" in Journal of Development Economics. 22(1986), pp. 5©40.
Ellis, Frank. 1988. Peasant Economics: Farm Households and Agrarian Development. CambridgeUniversity Press. Cambridge.
Friedmann, John and Harpinya Rangan (Eds.). 1993. In Defense of Livelihood. Kumarian Press.West Hartford, Connecticut.
International Food Policy Research Institute. 1992. Understanding How Resources areAllocated within Households.
World Bank. Washington, D.C.
INSTRAW. 1994. The Intersection of Family, Gender and Economy in the Third World. Issue 20.
Levinson, Marc. April 24, 1995. "Economic Psychology?: Dismal Science Grabs a Couch" inNewsweek. Ã ÃÄ Ä
Meyer, Richard. L and Adelaida P. Alicbusan. 1984. "Farm©Household Heterogeneity and RuralFinancial Markets: Insights from Thailand" in Adams, Dale W., Douglas H. Graham, and J.D. VonPischke (Eds.) Undermining Rural Development With Cheap Cre
dit. Westview Press. Boulder andLondon.
Plattner, Stuart. 1989. Economic Anthropology. Stanford University Press.
Restrepo, Mariano Arango, Saul Mesa Ochoa, Remberto Rhenals Monterrosa, Jaime AlbertoVelasquez Botero. 1991. Una nueva vision de la economia campesina colombiana. Centro deinvestigaciones economicas, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellin,
Roldan, Martha. 1988. "Renegotiating the Marital Contract: Intrahousehold Patterns of MoneyAllocation and women's Subordination Among Domestic Outworkers in Mexico city" in A HomeDivided: Women and Income in the Third World, edited by Daisy Dwyer an
d Judith Bruce. Stanford University Press. Palo Alto, California.
Sage, Colin. 1993. "Women's Roles under Commodity Relations in Highland Bolivia" in JanetMomsen and Vivian Kinnaird (Eds.) Different Places, Different Voices: Gender and Developmentin Africa, Asia and Latin America. Routledge Press, London, UK.
Shields, M Dale. 1993. Gender, Class, Ecological Decline, and Livelihood Strategies: A CaseStudy of Siquijor Island, the Philippines. Clark University Ecogen Case Study Series. Worcester, Massachusetts.
GENDER ISSUES
Afshar, Haleh (ed.). 1985. Women, Work and Ideology in the Third World. Tavistock PublicationsLtd. London, England.
Aguirre, R. 1988. "las Trabajadores Informales. Mujer Y Trabajo." Montevideo: CentroInterdisciplinario de Estudios sobre el Dessarrollo©Uruguay (CIEDUR). (IADB)
Arriagada, I. 1990. "La participacion desigual del la mujer en el mundo del trabajo." ECLACmagazine 40, (87©104). (IADB)
Ashby, J. 1985. "Women and Agricultural Technology in Latin America and the Carribbean." Background document prepared for the seminar for Center on Women and AgriculturalTechnology. Bellagio, Italia, March 25©29. (IADB)
Ashby, J. and S Gomez. 1985. "Women: Agricultural and Rural Development in Latin America." Alabama: International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) and Cali: International Center forTropical Agriculture (CIAT). (IADB)
Ayala, V. 1990. "Mujer y empleo en el sector rural: seminar©workshop on the participation offemale labor in the rural sector. Bogota: UNICEF (IADB)
Beneria, Lourdes and Gita Sen. 1982. "Class and Gender Inequalities and Women's Role inEconomic Development©©Theoretical and Practical Implications" in Feminist Studies. (8): pp.Ô
Benjamin, Lehn and Shirley Walters. 1994. "The Women can Also Dig the Graves:" The Centralityof "Power" and "Resistance" for Gender Training in South Africa in Convergence. XXVII (2/3): 167©174.
Benton, Jane. 1993. "The Role of Women's Organizations and Groups in Community Development: A Case Study of Bolivia" in in Janet Momsen and Vivian Kinnaird (Eds.) Different Places,Different Voices: Gender and Development in Africa, Asia and Latin Am
erica. Routledge Press,London, UK.
Berger, Marguerite & Mayra Buvinic (Eds.). 1989. Women's Ventures. Kumarian Press. WestHartford, Connecticut.
Berger, Marguerite. 1989. "Giving Women Credit: The Strengths and Limitations of Credit asa tool for alleviating poverty," World Development 17(7), pp. 1017©1032.
Blumberg, Rae Lesser. 1994. "The Intersection of Family, Gender and Economy in the ThirdWorld" in INSTRAW News. Vol. 29, pp. 36©44.
Boserup, Ester. 1970. Women's Role in Economic Development. George, Allen and Unwin. London,England.
Braidotti, Rosi, Ewa Charkiewicz, Sabine Hausler and Saskia Wieringa. 1994. Women, theEnvironment and Sustainable Development. Zed Books. London, UK.
Bruce, Judith and Daisy Dwyer (Eds.). 1988. A Home Divided: Women and Income in the ThirdWorld. ÃÃÄÄStandford University Press. Palo Alto, California.
Buvinic, Mayra and Molly Pollack. 1990. Working Women in Latin America. Inter©AmericanDevelopment Bank.
Buvinic, Mayra. 1989. "Investing in Poor Women: The Psychology of Donor Support" in WorldDevelopment. 17(7), pp. 1045©1057.
Carr, Marilyn. 1989. Women and the Food Cycle. Intermediate Technology. London, UK.
Cecelski, Elizabeth, Joy Kunkerley and William Ramsay. 1980. Household Energy and the Poor inthe Third World. Resources for the future. Washington, D.C.
Chant, Sylvia. 1985. "Single Parent Families: Choice or Constraint? The Formation of FemaleªHeaded Households in Mexican Shantytowns" in Development and Change. 16(4), pp. 635©656.
Chant, Sylvia & Lynne Bryndon. 1989. Women in the Third World: Gender Issues and Urban Areas. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey.
CIDA. 1989. Report on CIDA's Progress in Implementing its Women in Development Action Plan.
CIDA. 1989. Women in Development Workshop: Reference Manual.
Downing, Jeanne. 1991. "Gender and the Growth of Microenterprises" in Small EnterpriseDevelopment. (2)1.
Edwards, Beatrice. 1994. "Women, Work and Democracy in Latin America" in Convergence. Ô
Eigen, Johanna. 1992. Assistance to Women's Business©©Evaluating the Options.
Goonting, Dennis. 1995. An Impact Evaluation Study on Micro©Credit Intervention: The Caseof the Production Credit for Rural Women Programme in Nepal. University of Guelph. Guelph,Ontario.
Grown, Carena and Jennefer Sebstad. 1989. "Introduction: Toward a Wider Perspective onWomen's Employment" in World Development. 17(7), pp. 937©952.
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). 1986. Projects For Women in the ThirdWorld: Explaining Their Misbehaviour.
ICRW. 1985. Financing Women in the Third World. Background NGO World Meeting, Kenya. WorldBank. Washington, D.C.
INSTRAW. 1994. The Intersection of Family, Gender and Economy in the Third World. Issue 20.
International Labour Organization. Women in Rural Development: Critical Issues. WorldEmployment Program, Geneva.
Jaquette, Jane S. 1994. The Women's Movement in Latin America: Participation and Democracy.Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.Ã ÃÄ Ä
Jaquette, Jane. 1993. "The Family as a Development Issue" in Women at the Center: Development Issues and Practices for the 1990's, edited by Gay Young, Vidyamali Samarasingheand Ken Kusterer. Kumarian Press. West Hartford, Conneticut.
Jiggins, Janice. 1989. "How Rural Women Earn Income in Sub©Saharan Africa and What WorksAgainst Them" in World Development. 17(7), pp. 953©963.
Kindervatter, Suzanne. 1983. Women Working Together. Overseas Education Fund. Washington,D.C.
Leon de Leal, Magdalena (Directora de la Investigacion). 1980. Mujer Y Capitalismo Agrario. Asocacion colombianan para el estudio de la poblacion. Bogota, Colombia.
Li, Tania Murray. Gender Issues in Community©Based Resource Management: Theories,Applications and Philippine Case Studies. Environment and Resource Management Project. College, Laguna, Philippines. Halifax, Novia Scotia.
Medrano, Diana and Rodrigo Villar. 1988. Mujer Campesina Y Organizacion Rural en Colombia. Bogota. CEREC.
Moser, Caroline and Levy, Caren. 1989. A Theory and Methodology of Gender Planning: MeetingÔ
e, London.
The North©South Institute. 1990. The Future for Women in Development: Voices from the South. Proceedings of the Association for Women in Development Colloquium. Ottawa, Canada.
Paolisso, Micheal and Sally W. Yudelman. 1991. Women, Poverty and the Environment in LatinAmerica. International Center for Research on Women. Washington, D.C.
Papanek, Hanna and Laurel Schwede. 1988. "Women are Good with Money:" Earning and Managingin an Indonesian City" in A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World, edited by DaisyDwyer and Judith Bruce. Stanford University Press. Palo Alto,
California.
Poats, Susan V., Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring (Eds.). 1988. Gender Issues in FarmingResearch and Extension. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.
Radcliffe, Sarah. 1993. "The role of Gender in Peasant Migration: Conceptual Issues from thePeruvian Andes" in Different Places, Different Voices Gender and Development in Africa, Asiaand Latin America. Routledge Press. London.
Redclift, Nanneke and M. Thea Sinclair. 1991. Working Women: International Perspectives onLabour and Gender Ideology. Routledge Press. London.
Restrepo, Mariano Arango, Saul Mesa Ochoa, Remberto Rhenals Monterrosa, Jaime AlbertoVelasquez Botero. 1991. Una nueva vision de la economia campesina colombiana. Centro deinvestigaciones economicas, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellin,
Roldan, Martha. 1988. "Renegotiating the Marital Contract: Intrahousehold Patterns of MoneyAllocation and women's Subordination Among Domestic Outworkers in Mexico city" in A HomeDivided: Women and Income in the Third World, edited by Daisy Dw
yer and Judith Bruce. Stanford University Press. Palo Alto, California.
Sage, Colin. 1993. "Women's Roles under Commodity Relations in Highland Bolivia" in JanetMomsen and Vivian Kinnaird (Eds.) Different Places, Different Voices: Gender and Developmentin Africa, Asia and Latin America. Routledge Press, London, UK.
Shields, M Dale. 1993. Gender, Class, Ecological Decline, and Livelihood Strategies: A CaseStudy of Siquijor Island, the Philippines. Clark University Ecogen Case Study Series. Worcester, Massachusetts.
Stolen, Kristi Anne and Mariken Vaa (eds.). 1991. Gender and Change in Developing Countries. Oxford University Ð
Tinker, Irene. 1985. The Real Rural Energy Crisis: Women's Time. Equity Policy Center. Washington, D.C.
Urban, Ann©Marie and Mary Hill Rojas. 1994. Shifting Boundaries: Gender, Migration andCommunity Resources in the Foothills of Choluteca, Honduras. Clark University Ecogen Series. Worcester, Massachusetts.
IMPACT/EVALUATION
Bowman, Margaret et al. 1987. Measuring Our Impact: Determining Cost©Effectiveness of NonªGovernmental Organization Development Projects. Findings Paper Series. TechnoServe,Ô
ffice. Norwalk, CT.
Buzzard, Shirley and Elaine Edgcomb (Eds.). 1992. Monitoring and Evaluating Small BusinessProjects: a Step by Step Guide for Private Development Organizations. PACT Publications. NewYork, New York.
Casley, Dennis J. and Krishna Kumar. 1987. Project Monitoring and Evaluation in Agriculture. World Bank/ International Fund for Agricultural Development/ Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations. John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore
, London.
Derman, William and Scott Whitefor (Eds.). Social Impact Analysis and Development Planning inthe Third World.
Edgcomb, Elaine and James Cawley (Eds.). 1993. An Institutional Gudie for EnterpriseDevelopment Organizations. The Small Enterprise Education and Promotion Network. New York,New York.
Elkind©Savatsky, Pamela D. (ed.). 1986. Differential Social Impacts of Rural ResourceDevelopment. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.
Finsterbusch, Kurt, Jasper Ingersoll and Lynn Llewellyn. 1990. Methods for Social Analysis inDeveloping Countries. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.
Fisher, William, Jeffrey Poyo and Ann Beasley. 1992. Evaluation of the Micro and SmallEnterprise Development Project in Bolivia. Technical Report No. 42. Gemini. Bethesda,Maryland.
Goonting, Dennis. 1995. An Impact Evaluation Study on Micro©Credit Intervention: The Caseof the Production Credit for Rural Women Programme in Nepal. Univeristy of Guelph. Guelph,Ontario.
Herman, Joan L., Lynn Lyons Morris and Carol Tayor Fitz©Gibbon. 1987. Evaluator's Handbook. Centre for the Study of Evaluation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Lassen. A Systems Approach for the Design and Evaluation of PVO Small Enterprise DevelopmentProjects.
MkNelly, Barbara. 1992. Literature Review of the Likely Impact of the Credit with EducationStrategy. Freedom From Hunger. Davis, California.
Otero, Maria. 1989. A Question of Impact: Solidarity Group Programs and Their Approach toEvaluation. New York. PACT (Private Agencies Collaborating Together).
Palinkas, Lawrence A, Bruce Murray Harris and John S. Petterson. 1985. A Systems Approach toSocial Impact Assessment: Two Alaska Case Studies. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.
MICROENTERPRISE LENDING AND DEVELOPMENT
Abugre. 1993. "When Credit is Not Due©©Financial Services by NGO's in Africa" in SmallEnterprise Development. 4(4), pp. 23©35.
Adams, Dale W., Douglas H. Graham, and J.D. Von Pischke. 1984. Undermining Rural DevelopmentÔ
Berenbach, Shari and Diego Guzman. 1994. "The Solidarity Group Experience WorldWide" in TheNew World of Microenterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions for the Poor. Maria Otero and Elisabeth Rhyne (Eds.). Kumarian Press. West Hart
fore, Connecticut.
Boomegard, James, James Kern, Calvin Miller and Richard Pattern. 1992. A Review of theProspects for Rural Financial Institution Development in Bolivia. Technical Report No. 31. Gemini. Bethesda, Maryland.
Borja, Jaime and Francisco Rhon Davila. 1994. "Credito Rural en Ecuador: Situacion,Participacion de ONG s Y Perspectivas" in Credito y Desarrollo Rural en America Latina. LaPaz, Bolivia. Fades, SOS FAIM.
Christen, R. 1989. What Microenterpise Credit Programs Can Learn from Moneylenders. ACCIONInternational. Cambridge, MA.
Chowdhury, M.R. M. Mahmood and F.H. Abed. 1991. "Credit for the Rural Poor© The Case of BRACin Bangladesh" in Small Enterprise Development. 2(3), pp. 4©13.
Copestake, James, "Poverty©oriented Financial Service Programmes: Room for Improvement?" inSavings and Development. 4(1995) XIX, pp. 417©435.
Coyle, Mary. 1984. The Struggle to Meet the Employment and Income Needs of DevelopingNations: The Role of Small Scale Enterprise Development. University of Guelph. Guelph,Ontario
Cuba, Pablo R. and Elizabeth Landaeta. 1991. Credito Agricola à ÃÄ Äy Desarrollo Rural. Workshop: CERES© UNIBAMBA. Cochabamba, Bolivia.
De Jong, Martin and Nanno Kleiterp. 1991. "Credit for Small Businesses and Microenterprisesin Developing Countries" in Small Enterprise Development. 2(4), pp. 21©30.
Diaz, Gustavo Biruet. 1994. "El Credito Rural en Bolivia" in Credito y Desarrollo Rural enAmerica Latina. La Paz, Bolivia. Fades, SOS FAIM.
Drake, Deborah and Maria Otero. 1992. Alchemists for the Poor: NGO's as FinancialInstitutions. Accion International. Washington, D.C.
Downing, Jeanne. 1991. "Gender and the Growth of Microenterprises" in Small EnterpriseDevelopment. (2)1.
Eigen, Johanna. 1992. Assistance to Women's Business©©Evaluating the Options.
FAO. 1987. Small©Scale Forest©Based Processing Enterprises. Forestry Paper #79. Rome.
Fisher, William, Jeffrey Poyo and Ann Beasley. 1992. Evaluation of the Micro and SmallEnterprise Development Project in Bolivia. Technical Report No. 42. Gemini. Bethesda,Maryland.
Flores© Oblitas, Juan. 1963. Credito rural y Cooperativismo en Bolivia. La Paz. La SalvadoraLtda.
Goonting, Dennis. 1995. An Impact Evaluation Study on Micro©Credit Intervention: The CaseÔ
Gupta, S.C. 1987. Development Banking for Rural Development. Deep & Deep Publications. NewDelhi.
Haggblade, Steven. 1992. "A Proposal for Monitoring Small Enterprise Promotion" in SmallEnterprise Development. 3(4), pp. 15©24.
Hilhorst, Thea & Harry Oppenoorth. 1992. Financing Women's Enterprise. Royal TropicalInstitute. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Holt, Sharon. 1994. "The Village Bank Methodology: Performance and Prospects" in The NewWorld of Microenterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions. Maria Otero andElisabeth Rhyne (Eds.). Kumarian Press. West Hartford, Connecticut.
IFAD. 1985. The Role of Rural Credit Projects in Reaching the Poor: IFAD's Experience. Tycooly Publishing.
Jackelen, Henry R. and Elisabeth Rhyne. 1991. "Towards a More market©Oriented Approach toCredit and Savings for the Poor" in Small Enterprise Development. 2(4), pp. 4©20.
Levitsky, Jacob. 1993. "Credit Guarantee funds and Mutual Guarantee Systems" in SmallEnterprise Development. 4(2).
Marshall, Kathy. 1993. Proposed Framework for Impact Evaluation of Micro©Credit Funds: Calmeadow Foundation. Internal Discussion Paper. University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario.
Meyer, Richard. L and Adelaida P. Alicbusan. 1984. "Farm©Household Heterogeneity and RuralFinancial Markets: Insights from Thailand" in Adams, Dale W., Douglas H. Graham, and J.D. VonPischke (Eds.) Undermining Rural Development With Cheap Cre
dit. Westview Press. Boulder andLondon.
MkNelly, Barbara. 1992. Literature Review of the Likely Impact of the Credit with EducationStrategy. Freedom From Hunger. Davis, California.
Otero, Maria and Elisabeth Rhyne (Eds.). 1994. The New World of Microenterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions. Kumarian Press. West Hartford, Connecticut.
Otero, Maria. 1991. "Mobilizing Savings and Microenterprise Programmes" in Small EnterpriseDevelopment. 2(1), pp. 32©41
Otero, Maria. 1986. The Solidarity Group Concept: Its Characteristics and Significance forUrban Informal Sector Activities. New York. PACT (Private Agencies Collaborating Together).
Otero, Maria. 1989. A Question of Impact: Solidarity Group Programs and Their Approach toEvaluation. New York. PACT (Private Agencies Collaborating Together).
Padmanabhan, K.P. 1988. Rural Credit: Lessons for Rural Bankers and Policy Makers. Intermediate Technology Publications. London, UK.
Parra, Ernesto. 1994. "Las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales Frente Al Credito" in Creditoy Desarrollo Rural en Latin America. La Paz, Bolivia. Fades, SOS FAIM.ÃÃÄÄ
Ô
Reyes, Juan Carlos. 1994. "Situacion del Credito Para el Sector Campesino en Chile" in Creditoy Desarrollo Rural en America Latina. La Paz, Bolivia. Fades, SOS FAIM.
Rivas, Hugo. 1994. "Las Condiciones del Credito Rural" in Credito y Desarrollo Rural enAmerica Latina. La Paz, Bolivia. Fades, SOS FAIM.
Roy, Gunendo. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee. June 1995. Personal Interview.
Sahley, Caroline M. 1995. "NGO Support for Small Business Associations: A ParticipatoryApproach to Enterprise Development" in Community Development Journal. 30(1), pp. 56©65.
Stearns, Katherine and Maria Otero (eds.). 1990. The Critical Connection: Governments, PrivateInstitutions and the Informal Sector in Latin America. Cambridge, MA: Accion International.
Steurer, Roland. 1994. "La Cooperacion Tecnica Alemana: Marco Conceptual de una NuevaPolitica para el Desarrollo de un Mercado Financiero Rural en Bolivia" in Credito y DesarrolloRural en America Latina. La Paz, Bolivia. Fades, SOS FAIM.
Thapa, G. B., Jennifer Chalmers, K. W. Taylor and John Conroy. 1992. Banking with the Poor: Report and Recommendations. Foundation for Development Cooperation. Kuala Lumpur.
Tokman, Victor E. 1989. "Policies of a Heterogeneous Informal Sector in Latin America" inWorld Development. 17(7), pp 1067©1076.
METHODOLOGY
Brown, David and Rajesh Tandon. 1983. "Ideology and Political Economy in Inquiry: ActionResearch and Ð
Checkland, Peter. 1985. "Achieving Desirable and Feasible Change: An Application of SoftSystems Methodology" in Journal of Operational Research Society. 36(9), pp. 821©835.
Fals©Borda, Orlando. Investigating Reality in Order to Transform it: The Colombian Experience. Fundarco. Bogota, Colombia.
Fals©Borda, Orlando. 1991. Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with ParticipatoryAction©Research. Intermediate Technology Publications. London, England.
Glaser, B.G. and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago Aldine Press. Chicago.
Hall, Budd. 1979. "Knowledge as a Commodity and Participatory Research" in Prospects: Quarterly Review of Education. (9)4. UNESCO. Paris.
Jiggins, Janice and Kenk de Zeeuw. 1989. Participatory Technology Development in practice: Process and Methods.
McCracken, Grant 1988. The Long Interview. Sage Publications. Newbury Park, California.Ô
s. National Environment Secretariat. Nairobi, Kenya.
Morgan, Gareth and Rafael Ramirez. 1983. "Action Learning: A Holographic Metaphor forGuiding Social Change" in Human Relations. 37(1): pp, 1©28. New York City.
Morgan, Gareth. 1982. "Cybernetics and Organization Theory: Epistemology or Technique" inHuman Relations. 35(7): pp, 521©537. Plenum Press. New York City. Ã ÃÄ ÄÃ ÃÄ Ä
Moris, Jon and James Copestake. 1993. Qualitative Inquiry for Rural Development. IntermediateTechnology Publications/Overseas Development Institute. London, England.
Moser, Caroline and Levy, Caren. 1989. A Theory and Methodology of Gender Planning: MeetingWomen's Practical and Strategic Needs. Gender and Planning Working Paper No. 11. DevelopmentPlanning Unit. University College, London.
Ä ÄPalinkas, Lawrence A, Bruce Murray Harris and John S. Petterson. 1985. A Systems Approach toSocial Impact Assessment: Two Alaska Case Studies. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado.
Pinto, Joao Bosco. 1985. Participatory Action Research: An Analytic Paradigm. University ofGuelph. Guelph, Ontario.
ÄRahnema, Majid. 1990. "Particiaptory Action Research: the Last Temptation of SaintDevelopment" in Alternatives. (1990), 199©226.
Roling, Niels, G. 1994. "Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems in Extension Handbook: Processes and Practices. D.J. Blackburn Ed. Thompson Educational Publishing. Toronto,Ontario. Ã ÃÄ Ä
Taylor, Paul V. 1993. The Texts of Paulo Freire. Open University Press. Buckingham, England.
Theis, Joachim and Heather M. Gady. 1991. Participatory Rapid Appraisal for CommunityDevelopment: A Training Manual Based on Experiences in the Middle East and North Africa. International Institute for Environment and Development. Save the Children
Fund. FordFoundation.
Winter, Richard. 1987. Action©Research and the Nature of Social Inquiry: ProfessionalismInnovation and Educational Work. Gower Publishing Company Limited. Gower House, England.
Whyte, William Foote (ed.). 1991. Participatory Action Research. Sage Publications. London,New York.
VITA (Volunteers in Technical Assistance) from Arlington, Virginia specializes in informationdissemination and communications technology. It offers services related to sustainableagriculture, food processing, renewable energy applications, water sanita
tion and supply, smallenterprise development and information management. It has project in 6 African countries.
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The Microcredit Summit Secretariat is preparing for a Microcredit Summit to be held inWashington, February 2©4. It aims to bring together all those interested in dramaticallyexpanding the reach of microcredit and other financial services to the world's
poorestfamilies.
Information: The Microcredit Summit Secretariat, c/o Resuts Educational Fund, 236Massachusetts Avenue NE, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20002; tel 1 (202) 546©1900, fax 1 (202) 546ª3228, email: micocreditsumaction.org
Development Finance Network
DFN is designed to enhance communication among researchers, donor officials, practitioners,and policymakers who are interested in financial markets, especially in low©income or informerly centrally©planned economies. The Network is sponsored by the Rur
al Finance Programat the Ohio State University and the Marketing and Credit Services Office of the UN Food andAgriculture Organization in Rome
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Community Development Banking Listserve organized by Cornell University in Ithaca, New Yorkis a forum for public and private community development institutions regarding all aspects ofbanking and financial institutions for communities.
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Bolivian Organizations
PRODEM [Promocion de Los Microempresas], Calle Almirante Grau, 65 Casilla, La Paz, 13963,Bolivia. Phone: 2366950/2392957
CRECER, [Credito y Educacion Rural], Casilla #69, Parque Demetrio Caneles, #1415, EsquinaCalanche, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: 42©41528
CORDECO, Director Fortalicimiento Municipal, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: 4258080
CEPROCA, Capinota, Bolivia
CEDEAGRO, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Phone: 4259547
Catholic Relief Services, Hacinte Vena Vente 2190, La Paz, Bolivia, Phone: 2323335
Fernando Dick, Universidad Nur, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Superintendencia de los Bancos, La Paz, Bolivia. Phone: 3363939
BANCOSOL, La Paz, Bolivia
USAID Microfinance Library, Calle 9 Obajes, Piso 2, La Paz. Phone: 786©544
FAO, Av. 20 de Oct. 2659, La Paz, Bolivia. Phone 237442
Internationally©Focused Organizationsà ÃÄ Ä
CIDA, Ottawa, Canada
Calmeadow Foundation, Toronto, Canada
Accion International, Cambridge, Massachusetts
USAID©Microenterprise Development, Washington, DC
à ÃÄ Äà ÃÄ ÄFreedom from Hunger, Davis, California
International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario
FAO/Marketing and Credit Services Department, Rome
The Small Enterprise Education and Promotion Network, New York
Gemini, Bethesda, MD
InterAction, Washington, CC
TechnoServe, Norwalk, CT
Private Agencies Collaborating Together
Intermediate Technology Publications, U.K.
Women's World Banking, New York
Institute for Development Training, Chapel Hill, NC
Pact Publications, United Nations Plaza, New York
Inter©American Development Bank, Washington, D.C.
World Bank, Washington, D.C.
International Programs
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee
Aga Khan Rural Support Programme
Local Programs
Calmeadow Foundation, Toronto, Ontario
Community Opportunity Development Association, 35 Dickson, Cambridge, Ontario. Phone: 519ª623©9380
Women in Rural Economic Development, Kitchener/Waterloo, Ontario
Ô
University of Guelph, Departments of Rural Planning and Development, Rural Extension Studies,Ô
Ô
ECOGEN Program, Clark University, Worchester, Massachusetts
Ô
Ô
Nanci Lee
International Rural Development Planning
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
nlee@uoguelph.ca
(519) 836-1408
"There is no one truth; only ways of seeing"-- Flaubert
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